Fundamentals of Computing

  Introduction The client-server architecture is a framework for computer networks where numerous clients, acting as remote processors, seek and obtain services from a central server or host computer.  Clients serve as interfaces, enabling computer users to solicit services from the server and showcase the outcomes returned by the server. Servers, in turn, anticipate incoming requests from clients and subsequently fulfill them with appropriate responses. Client  – The client can be any computer that requests something from the server. For example – visiting any website we request the webpage from its domain. So here we act as a client. Server  – On the other hand, the Server is the computer that is designed to serve the requests to the client. For the same example as above, the client asks for the webpage then the server responds with the webpage to the client. Working of Client-Server Architecture when a client seeks data from a server, it initiates the process by q...

  Process In Linux, a process is a currently executing program, representing an instance of a program managed by the Linux kernel. Every process is distinguished by a specific Process ID (PID) and possesses its own allocated resources, including memory and CPU time. Process States Process States in a System: Running : Actively executing code. Ready : Awaiting CPU time to run. Sleeping : Paused, pending an event or resource. Stopped : Halted intentionally by user or the system. Zombie : Process finished, but still listed in the process table. Process Management Commands for Managing Processes in Linux: ps : Displays a snapshot of the current processes.             Example: ps ps  aux: Shows detailed information about all processes.             Example: ps aux ps aux | grep username : Filters processes by a specific username.             Example:...

  LINUX FILE SYSTEM Introduction One essential part of the operating system is the Linux file system. It offers a hierarchical data management and organization system. Root Directory The root directory ("/") as the initial directory. a subdirectory and directory hierarchy. Files and subdirectories are found in directories. Data management maintains metadata, sizes, creation dates, and file names. in charge of ownership, security, and permits. Representation and Organization of Storage Resources Allocates disk space for files and directories. Maintains directory structure. Stores metadata for each file. Pathnames Textual file or directory locations. Absolute (from the root) or relative (from the current directory). Example of Absolute and Relative Path in Directory Navigation: Current Directory:  You are currently located in "/home/kt." Objective : You want to change your directory to "/home/kt/abc." Using the Relative Path Concept: Check the current direct...

LINUX BASIC COMMANDS ls : Displays files and directories in the current directory. Lists files and directories. ls -R : Shows all files, including those in subdirectories. Lists files and subdirectories recursively. ls -al : Provides detailed information about files. Displays comprehensive file details. ls -a : Reveals hidden files. Lists hidden files and directories. cat : Used for viewing, copying, combining, and creating text files.  Allows text file manipulation, including creation and viewing. rm : Deletes files without confirmation. Removes files. mv : Moves files to a different directory or renames files. Relocates or renames files. mkdir : Creates subdirectories in the current directory. Generates new directories. rmdir : Deletes an empty directory. Removes empty directories. grep : Searches text in files based on a given pattern and prints matching lines. Searches and prints text matching a pattern. history : Lists all previously executed commands in the current terminal s...

Linux is a powerful and open-source operating system known for its flexibility, security, and the active community that supports it. It is widely used in various domains, from servers to personal computers and embedded systems. Operating System : Linux is an open-source operating system kernel, originally created by Linus Torvalds. It serves as the foundation for various Linux distributions or "distros" that include additional software and tools. Open Source : Linux is open-source software, meaning its source code is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. This openness encourages collaboration and innovation. Variety of Distributions : Linux comes in various distributions (distros) like Ubuntu, CentOS, Debian, and Fedora. Each distro may have unique features and package management systems. Multi-User and Multi-Tasking:  Linux is a multi-user and multi-tasking OS. Multiple users can use the system simultaneously, and it can run multiple processes concurre...