Fundamentals of Computing

Network Model / Protocol  A protocol is a set of rules and regulations that looks after computers on network like access method, allows physical topology, types of cabling, and speed of data transfer. Two well-known model that allows us to deal with various aspects of networks abstractly  are  OSI reference model  and  TCP/IP model and both are based on layering. Layering  is the division of a task into sub-tasks. Each layer performs a specific task and provides services to its layer. Advantages of layering are  c ode reusing ,  extensibility ,  accelerates evolution  and  simplifies teaching and learning and many more. Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Reference Model/OSI Model) It describes layered communications and computer network protocol and transmission design. Computers transfer information across networks in the form of packet and frame. TCP/IP Model It forms the base of present-day internet. The l...

Introduction to Network Devices 1. Repeater: - It is a double pot device that regenerate the signal before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted by coping it bit by bit. - It does not amplify the signal. 2. Hub: - It is multiport repeater which connects multiple wires coming from different branches. - It doesn't filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices causing collision domain, inefficiencies and wastage. Types of Hub: 1. Active Hub: have their own power supply, can clean, boost, and relay the signal along with the network and used to extend the maximum distance between nodes. 2. Passive Hub: have power supply from the active hub, relay signals onto the network, cleaning, boosting and can’t be used to extend the distance between nodes. 3. Intelligent Hub: works like active hubs and also has remote management capabilities. It provides flexible data rates to network devices and enables an administrator to monitor and to configure the traffic passing thro...

Network Communication   - Kilobit = 1000 bits - Kilobits per second is shortened to kb/s, Kbps or kbps. - 1 kb/s = 1000 bits per second - 1 KB/s = 1024 bytes per second - Download KBPS speed = ((Kbps value * 1000) / 8) 1024. Components of Networks - Hardware components needed:    * Network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component, typically a circuit board, which is installed on a computer so it can connect to a network.    *  Interconnecting device allows two or more computers to communicate on the network without direct connection. 2. Software Components Network client software requests information stored on another network computer. Network server software allows a computer to share its resources. Protocols are the rules and formats a computer must use while interacting in a network. NIC driver receives data from protocols and forwards it to physical NIC. Layers of Network Communication Process Layer is the steps required for a client to access netwo...